Kathy Kelley: And heat gets transferred to the atmosphere right over those boundary currents, which bring the heat up very fast from the tropics. They have to go fast. It's a little bit like a...Can you imagine carrying a bucket of water across a parking lot and it has holes in it?  If you move very fast you will get the water to the other side. If you move slowly it will all dribble out. It’s the same thing with heat in the ocean. You're bringing warm water up from the tropics and the air temperature is cooler, so if you do it slowly, you will lose all the heat on the way. But if you move very fast, like as fast as the ocean - 1 or 2 meters per second - you can get a lot of heat up, but then when it gets up to where the air temperatures are quite a bit cooler, it loses that heat.  It loses it very suddenly, dramatically, into the atmosphere. Then the atmosphere carries it northward and eastward.  So I think that "baton pass" of the heat that the ocean carries -- passing it to the atmosphere -- that changes in that process will be big factor when we talk about Gulf Stream’s affect on Europe. Not the water actually carrying the heat up to the shore. Those fluctuations cannot be very large because there’s not that much heat in the ocean that far north. Anyway the area that I am looking at is where you have the "baton pass" from ocean to atmosphere.